Day24主題：專案練習-關聯性作業的建立(上)

2022 iThome 鐵人賽

DAY 24

Software Development

第一次學C#的經驗談系列第 24 篇

14th鐵人賽

衛斯理傳奇

2022-09-24 00:42:10

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上一篇完成了[縣市]基本作業；另外，在[設定]內的其他基本作業，就可以自行來練習看看囉。

本篇要來進行複雜型單檔作業，就是有加上一些關聯功能的[員工檔]作業！
一樣會從頭開始操作如何建立作業及其中的新增、編輯及刪除等功能。
不過，一些共同性步驟(Ex.產生控制器及檢示頁面的動作)會省略圖示哦~有忘記的話再請看上一篇複習一下。

1. 新增[ViewModel]：

因為會有關聯其他資料表的欄位呈現，所以需在Model內增加欄位，但又不想異動原始Model，所以加上檢視用Model，後續只要有關聯欄位就可以在此加上。
[Models] --> [加入] --> [類別]。
除了加上欄位；也要using關聯參考進來。
還記得上一篇完成後，執行的結果在欄位名稱上會直接呈現資料表欄位名稱，這會讓使用者看的無法理解，所以要讓其呈現使用者看的懂的名稱，如何做呢？很簡單，如下圖中在每個欄位上加上一組[DisplayName(“XXXX”)]標籤屬性，執行後就會依設定的名稱來呈現了，是不是很棒呢!
名稱使用[DisplayName(“XXXX”)]，這次多了一個日期格式，格式化顯示[年/月/日]方式呈現，所以要加上一組[DisplayFormat(DataFormatString = "{0:yyyy/MM/dd}", ApplyFormatInEditMode = true)]。

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Mvc;

namespace Hair.Models
{
    public class EmployeeViewModel
    {
        [DisplayName("員工編號")]
        public string em_no { get; set; }

        [DisplayName("姓名")]
        public string em_name { get; set; }

        [DisplayName("身份證字號")]
        public string em_id { get; set; }

        [DisplayName("別名")]
        public string em_alias { get; set; }

        [DisplayName("性別")]
        public string em_sex { get; set; }

        [DisplayName("生日")]
        [DisplayFormat(DataFormatString = "{0:yyyy/MM/dd}", ApplyFormatInEditMode = true)]
        public Nullable<System.DateTime> em_birthday { get; set; }

        [DisplayName("電話")]
        public string em_tel { get; set; }

        [DisplayName("手機")]
        public string em_phone { get; set; }

        [DisplayName("縣市編號")]
        public string em_city { get; set; }

        [DisplayName("縣市名稱")]
        public string cityname { get; set; }

        [DisplayName("區域編號")]
        public string em_area { get; set; }

        [DisplayName("區域名稱")]
        public string areaname { get; set; }

        [DisplayName("地址")]
        public string em_address { get; set; }

        [DisplayName("薪資編號")]
        public string em_salarytype { get; set; }

        [DisplayName("薪資名稱")]
        public string salaryname { get; set; }

        [DisplayName("技術抽率")]
        public Nullable<decimal> em_rate1 { get; set; }

        [DisplayName("產品抽率")]
        public Nullable<decimal> em_rate2 { get; set; }

        [DisplayName("備註")]
        public string em_remark { get; set; }
    }
}

2. 新增[EmployeeController]：

[Controllers] --> [加入] --> [控制器]。
選擇空白控制器，等未來熟悉之後，再讓工具幫您產出有內建程式的控制器吧！
填入控制器名稱，我習慣以資料表名稱來填入；同時也要using參考來源。

Index：就是功能首頁，來調整一下讓其可以秀出表格資料。

[EmployeeController]新增[Index]程式碼，一開始加上程式碼時，會出現下圖異常，可點選異常處，再點選黃色小圖示，會看到需要using的部份，加上後異常就會消失了。

public ActionResult Index()
{
    //宣告回傳員工列表
    List<EmployeeViewModel> result = new List<EmployeeViewModel>();
    //接收成功與否的訊息
    ViewBag.ResultMessage = TempData["ResultMessage"];
    //使用Entities類別，名稱為db
    using (Models.HairSystemEntities db = new Models.HairSystemEntities())
    {
        //Linq方式取得Employees資料
        result = ((from em in db.employee
                   join sa in db.salarytype on em.em_salarytype equals sa.no
                   join ci in db.city on em.em_city equals ci.no
                   join ar in db.area on new { area = em.em_area, city = em.em_city } equals new { area = ar.no, city = ar.cityno }
                   into e
                   from obj in e.DefaultIfEmpty()
                   orderby em.em_no
                   select new EmployeeViewModel
                   {
                       em_no = em.em_no,
                       em_name = em.em_name,
                       em_id = em.em_id,
                       em_alias = em.em_alias,
                       em_sex = (em.em_sex == "M" ? "男" : (em.em_sex == "F" ? "女" : (em.em_sex == "T" ? "第三性" : "其他"))),
                       em_birthday = em.em_birthday,
                       em_tel = em.em_tel,
                       em_phone = em.em_phone,
                       em_city = em.em_city,
                       cityname = ci.name,
                       em_area = em.em_area,
                       areaname = obj.name,
                       em_address = em.em_address,
                       em_salarytype = em.em_salarytype,
                       salaryname = sa.name,
                       em_rate1 = em.em_rate1,
                       em_rate2 = em.em_rate2,
                       em_remark = em.em_remark
                   })).ToList();
    }

    //回傳給檢示頁面
    return View(result);
}

新增檢視頁面：在[View]上按右鍵 --> [新增檢視]。
預設選項，再按下[加入]。
填入相關資料，範本選擇List(清單)，模型及類別選擇建立的Models。
完成的檢視畫面，稍為調整一下，調它看起來專業一點。
因為在[EmployeeController]有將查詢出來的資料轉型ToList()，所以@model要調整型態為List<>。

@*@model IEnumerable<Hair.Models.EmployeeViewModel>*@
@model List<Hair.Models.EmployeeViewModel>

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "員工清單";
    Layout = "~/Views/Shared/_Layout.cshtml";
}

<h2>員工首頁</h2>

@if (ViewBag.ResultMessage != null) //判斷有訊息就顯示
{
    @Html.Label("info", (string)ViewBag.ResultMessage, new { @class = "text-info" })
}

<p>
    @Html.ActionLink("新增員工", "Create")
</p>
<table class="table" border="1">
    <tr>
        <th style="text-align: center">
            @{ Hair.Models.EmployeeViewModel show1 = null; }
            @Html.DisplayNameFor(showParam => show1.em_no)
        </th>
        <th style="text-align: center">
            @{ Hair.Models.EmployeeViewModel show3 = null; }
            @Html.DisplayNameFor(showParam => show3.em_id)
        </th>
        <th style="text-align: center">
            @{ Hair.Models.EmployeeViewModel show4 = null; }
            @Html.DisplayNameFor(showParam => show4.em_alias)
        </th>
        <th style="text-align: center">
            @{ Hair.Models.EmployeeViewModel show5 = null; }
            @Html.DisplayNameFor(showParam => show5.em_sex)
        </th>
        <th style="text-align: center">
            @{ Hair.Models.EmployeeViewModel show6 = null; }
            @Html.DisplayNameFor(showParam => show6.em_birthday)
        </th>
        <th style="text-align: center">
            @{ Hair.Models.EmployeeViewModel show7 = null; }
            @Html.DisplayNameFor(showParam => show7.em_tel)
        </th>
        <th style="text-align: center">
            @{ Hair.Models.EmployeeViewModel show8 = null; }
            @Html.DisplayNameFor(showParam => show8.em_phone)
        </th>
        <th style="text-align: center">
            @{ Hair.Models.EmployeeViewModel show9 = null; }
            @Html.DisplayNameFor(showParam => show9.em_city)
        </th>
        <th style="text-align: center">
            @{ Hair.Models.EmployeeViewModel show11 = null; }
            @Html.DisplayNameFor(showParam => show11.em_area)
        </th>
        <th style="text-align: center">
            @{ Hair.Models.EmployeeViewModel show13 = null; }
            @Html.DisplayNameFor(showParam => show13.em_address)
        </th>
        <th style="text-align: center">
            @{ Hair.Models.EmployeeViewModel show14 = null; }
            @Html.DisplayNameFor(showParam => show14.em_salarytype)
        </th>
        <th style="text-align: center">
            @{ Hair.Models.EmployeeViewModel show16 = null; }
            @Html.DisplayNameFor(showParam => show16.em_rate1)
        </th>
        <th style="text-align: center">
            @{ Hair.Models.EmployeeViewModel show17 = null; }
            @Html.DisplayNameFor(showParam => show17.em_rate2)
        </th>
        <th style="text-align: center">
            @{ Hair.Models.EmployeeViewModel show18 = null; }
            @Html.DisplayNameFor(showParam => show18.em_remark)
        </th>
        <th style="text-align: center" colspan="2">操作項目</th>
    </tr>

    @foreach (var item in Model)
    {
        <tr>
            <td>
                @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.em_no)
                @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.em_name)
            </td>
            <td>
                @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.em_id)
            </td>
            <td>
                @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.em_alias)
            </td>
            <td>
                @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.em_sex)
            </td>
            <td>
                @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.em_birthday)
            </td>
            <td>
                @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.em_tel)
            </td>
            <td>
                @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.em_phone)
            </td>
            <td>
                @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.em_city)
                @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.cityname)
            </td>
            <td>
                @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.em_area)
                @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.areaname)
            </td>
            <td>
                @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.em_address)
            </td>
            <td>
                @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.em_salarytype)
                @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.salaryname)
            </td>
            <td style="text-align: right">
                @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.em_rate1)
            </td>
            <td style="text-align: right">
                @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.em_rate2)
            </td>
            <td>
                @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.em_remark)
            </td>
            <td>
                @Html.ActionLink("編輯", "Edit", new { id = item.em_no }, new { @Class = "btn btn-default" })
            </td>
            <td>
                @using (@Html.BeginForm("Delete", "employee", FormMethod.Post, new { @class = "Delete" }))
                {
                    @Html.Hidden("id", item.em_no)
                    <input type="submit" value="刪除" class="btn btn-default" />
                }
            </td>
        </tr>
    }

</table>

Create：就是新增的頁面，程式碼有兩段；一段是後端帶出資料到前端，一段是前端傳遞資料到後端。

因為有性別欄位的下拉功能，所以在ViewModel內要再加一組[SexViewModel]。

public class SexViewModel
{
    public static List<SelectListItem> SexDropDownList => new List<SelectListItem>()
    {
        new SelectListItem() {Text = "男", Value = "M"},
        new SelectListItem() {Text = "女", Value = "F"},
        new SelectListItem() {Text = "第三性", Value = "T"},
        new SelectListItem() {Text = "其他", Value = "O"},
    };
}

由於Create的資料來源是原本的Model，所以在[Models] --> [Hair.edmx] --> [Hair.tt] --> [employee.cs]也要比照[ViewModel]內加上標簽屬性，才能呈現出想要的名稱哦！
[EmployeeController]新增[Create]程式碼，會預設帶入員工編號，從[00001]開始編。

/// <summary>
/// 新增員工，宣告下拉元件資料來源
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
public ActionResult Create()
{
    //宣告回傳縣市列表
    List<Models.city> result1 = new List<Models.city>();
    //宣告回傳區域列表
    List<Models.area> result2 = new List<Models.area>();
    //宣告回傳薪資類別列表
    List<Models.salarytype> result3 = new List<Models.salarytype>();
    //使用Entities類別，名稱為db
    using (Models.HairSystemEntities db = new Models.HairSystemEntities())
    {
        //Linq方式取得Citys資料
        result1 = (from s in db.city select s).ToList();
        SelectList selectList1 = new SelectList(result1, "no", "name");
        ViewBag.CitySelectList = selectList1;
        string CityNo = result1.FirstOrDefault().no;

        //Linq方式取得Areas資料
        result2 = (from s in db.area where s.cityno == CityNo select s).ToList();
        SelectList selectList2 = new SelectList(result2, "no", "name");
        ViewBag.AreaSelectList = selectList2;

        //Linq方式取得SalaryTypes資料
        result3 = (from s in db.salarytype select s).ToList();
        SelectList selectList3 = new SelectList(result3, "no", "name");
        ViewBag.SalaryTypeSelectList = selectList3;
    }

    //性別選項
    ViewBag.SexSelectList = SexViewModel.SexDropDownList;
    ViewBag.NewNo = GetNo();
    return View();
}

/// <summary>
/// 新增員工，利用Entities回存資料庫
/// </summary>
/// <param name="postback"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
[HttpPost]
public ActionResult Create(Models.employee postback)
{
    //資料驗證成功
    if (this.ModelState.IsValid)
    {
        using (Models.HairSystemEntities db = new Models.HairSystemEntities())
        {
            //將回傳資料postback加入至Products
            db.employee.Add(postback);

            //儲存異動資料
            db.SaveChanges();

            //成功顯示訊息
            TempData["ResultMessage"] = string.Format("員工[{0}]成功建立！", postback.em_name);
            //頁面轉至瀏覽頁
            return RedirectToAction("Index");
        }
    }
    //失敗顯示訊息
    ViewBag.ResultMessage = "資料有誤，請檢查！";
    //停留在Create頁面
    return View(postback);
}

[EmployeeController]新增員工編號函式，讓每次新增都會預設產出一組號碼。

/// <summary>
/// 給予單號預設值
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
public String GetNo()
{
    string NewNo;
    using (Models.HairSystemEntities db = new Models.HairSystemEntities())
    {
        //Linq方式取得最新單號資料
        var TempData = (from s in db.employee orderby s.em_no descending select s).ToList();
        if (TempData.Count > 0)
        {
            string LastNo = TempData.FirstOrDefault().em_no;
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(LastNo))
            {
                NewNo = "00001";
            }
            else
            {
                NewNo = (Int32.Parse(LastNo) + 1).ToString().PadLeft(5, '0');
            }
        }
        else
        {
            NewNo = "00001";
        }

        return (NewNo);
    }
}

[EmployeeController]新增區域取得函式，讓每次選擇縣市後，都會重新帶出該縣市的區域資料。

/// <summary>
/// 重新設定區域
/// </summary>
/// <param name="CityNo"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public JsonResult GetArea(string CityNo)
{
    List<Models.area> States = new List<Models.area>();

    using (Models.HairSystemEntities db = new Models.HairSystemEntities())
    {
        //Linq方式取得Areas資料
        var TempData = (from s in db.area where s.cityno == CityNo select s).ToList();
        foreach (var item in TempData)
        {
            States.Add(new Models.area()
            {
                no = item.no.ToString(),
                name = item.name.ToString(),
                cityno = item.cityno.ToString()
            });
        }
    }
    return Json(States, JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet);
}

稍早有提到，會有日期功能；所以要新增日期套件：在[工具] --> [NuGet套件管理員] --> [管理方案的NuGet套件]。
下載[Bootstrap.v3.Datetimepicker.CSS]套件使用，並將其加入在[BundleConfig.cs]內。

// 日期套件所需
bundles.Add(new ScriptBundle("~/bundles/datetimepicker").Include(
    "~/Scripts/jquery-3.4.1.min.js",
    "~/Scripts/moment-with-locales.min.js",
    "~/Scripts/bootstrap-datetimepicker.min.js"));

// 時間套件所需
bundles.Add(new ScriptBundle("~/bundles/timepicker").Include(
    "~/Scripts/jquery.mask.js"));

新增檢視頁面：在[View]上按右鍵 --> [新增檢視]。
完成的檢視畫面，一樣就稍為來調整一下，調它看起來專業一點。
因為有日期欄位及縣市區域的關聯欄位；所以增加Script語法來做一個下拉日期元件及上下層連動功能來使用。

@model Hair.Models.employee

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "員工新增";
    Layout = "~/Views/Shared/_Layout.cshtml";
}

<head>
    <link href="~/Content/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" />
    <link href="~/Content/bootstrap-datetimepicker.min.css" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>

<h2>新增員工</h2>

@if (ViewBag.ResultMessage != null) //判斷有訊息就顯示
{
    @Html.Label("info", (string)ViewBag.ResultMessage, new { @class = "text-info" })
}

@using (Html.BeginForm())
{
    @Html.AntiForgeryToken()

    <div class="form-horizontal">
        <hr />
        @Html.ValidationSummary(true, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
        <div class="form-group">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.em_no, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })
            <div class="col-md-10">
                @Html.TextBoxFor(model => model.em_no, new { @class = "form-control", @Value = ViewBag.NewNo, @readonly = "readonly" })
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.em_no, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
            </div>
        </div>

        <div class="form-group">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.em_name, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })
            <div class="col-md-10">
                @Html.EditorFor(model => model.em_name, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.em_name, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
            </div>
        </div>

        <div class="form-group">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.em_id, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })
            <div class="col-md-10">
                @Html.EditorFor(model => model.em_id, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.em_id, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
            </div>
        </div>

        <div class="form-group">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.em_alias, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })
            <div class="col-md-10">
                @Html.EditorFor(model => model.em_alias, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.em_alias, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
            </div>
        </div>

        <div class="form-group">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.em_sex, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })
            <div class="col-md-10">
                @Html.DropDownListFor(model => model.em_sex, (IEnumerable<SelectListItem>)ViewBag.SexSelectList, "--請選擇性別--", new { @class = "form-control MakeWide btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle" })
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.em_sex, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
            </div>
        </div>

        <div class="form-group">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.em_birthday, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })
            <div class="col-md-10">
                @Html.EditorFor(model => model.em_birthday, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control datepicker" } })
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.em_birthday, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
            </div>
        </div>

        <div class="form-group">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.em_tel, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })
            <div class="col-md-10">
                @Html.EditorFor(model => model.em_tel, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.em_tel, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
            </div>
        </div>

        <div class="form-group">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.em_phone, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })
            <div class="col-md-10">
                @Html.EditorFor(model => model.em_phone, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.em_phone, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
            </div>
        </div>

        <div class="form-group">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.em_city, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })
            <div class="col-md-10">
                @Html.DropDownListFor(model => model.em_city, (SelectList)ViewBag.CitySelectList, new { @class = "form-control" })
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.em_city, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
            </div>
        </div>

        <div class="form-group">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.em_area, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })
            <div class="col-md-10">
                @Html.DropDownListFor(model => model.em_area, (SelectList)ViewBag.AreaSelectList, new { @class = "form-control" })
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.em_area, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
            </div>
        </div>

        <div class="form-group">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.em_address, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })
            <div class="col-md-10">
                @Html.EditorFor(model => model.em_address, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.em_address, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
            </div>
        </div>

        <div class="form-group">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.em_salarytype, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })
            <div class="col-md-10">
                @Html.DropDownListFor(model => model.em_salarytype, (SelectList)ViewBag.SalaryTypeSelectList, new { @class = "form-control" })
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.em_salarytype, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
            </div>
        </div>

        <div class="form-group">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.em_rate1, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })
            <div class="col-md-10">
                @Html.EditorFor(model => model.em_rate1, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.em_rate1, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
            </div>
        </div>

        <div class="form-group">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.em_rate2, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })
            <div class="col-md-10">
                @Html.EditorFor(model => model.em_rate2, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.em_rate2, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
            </div>
        </div>

        <div class="form-group">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.em_remark, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })
            <div class="col-md-10">
                @Html.EditorFor(model => model.em_remark, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
                @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.em_remark, "", new { @class = "text-danger" })
            </div>
        </div>

        <div class="form-group">
            <div class="col-md-offset-2 col-md-10">
                <input type="submit" value="確認" class="btn btn-default" />
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
}

<div>
    @Html.ActionLink("回員工首頁", "Index")
</div>

@section Scripts {
    @Scripts.Render("~/bundles/jqueryval")

    @Scripts.Render("~/bundles/datetimepicker")
    <script>
        //設定日期套件
        $('.datepicker').datetimepicker({
            date: null,                     //一開始輸入框的日期為空
            format: 'YYYY/MM/DD',           //日期的顯示格式
            locale: moment.locale('zh-tw'), //國別
            daysOfWeekDisabled: [0, 6]      //隱藏的天數0為周日6為星期六
        });

        //設定縣市及區域連動關係
        $(document).ready(function () {
            $('#em_city').change(function () { ChangeCity(); });
        });
        function SetAreaEmpty() {
            $('#em_area').empty();
        }
        function ChangeCity() {
            var selectedCityNo = $.trim($('#em_city option:selected').val());
            if (selectedCityNo.length == 0) {
                SetAreaEmpty();
            }
            else {
                $.getJSON("/Employee/GetArea", { CityNo: selectedCityNo }, function (data) {
                    $('#em_area').empty();
                    $.each(data, function (i, item) {
                        $('#em_area').append($('<option></option>').val(item.no).text(item.name));
                    });
                });
            }
        }
    </script>
}

完成一半了，還有編輯及刪除功能，下一篇見囉~